Fourth Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fourth Estate - Essay Example The news media can also alert the nation to events that may otherwise not have been public, and may perhaps alter the social style of the day. The press are absolutely instrumental in advocacy and the presentation of political (and social) issues (Powe, 1992). One of the most important examples of the power of the Fourth Estate can be seen in the coverage of the Middle East. Every newspaper or TV news channel will present at least one article on the Middle East daily, with much (if not all) of the coverage being negative. Although the press generally try to maintain some form of neutrality to preserve their integrity (Schultz, 1998), there are some areas in which this cannot be upheld in full, and the Fourth Estate has to ensure that it refers to issues in the way that the readers and viewers can understand. The coverage of the Middle East is a perfect example of this. The recent troubles in Libya, for example, have been presented by the media in the Western world almost exclusively from a Westocentric perspective, ensuring that the people of Libya are almost constantly referred to as victims with Gadaffi being portrayed as an evil dictator (e.g. Cobain, 2011). Whatever the personal perspective on this issue is, it is almost impossible to find any news sources that describe the troubles in any other manner; the role of the Fourth Estate here is to uphold the view of the area in this possibly over-simplistic manner. The Fourth Estate has shaped society in this manner, and the majority of people in the Western world would agree with the general principles of this matter. From the description of the concept of the Fourth Estate given above and the example of Libya, it is easy to see that the press easily fills this role and holds an immense social and political power in these first world countries, who usually have an established democracy and a large

US Documents Essay Example for Free

US Documents Essay The long list of offenses attributed to the King in the Declaration of Independence were: that he did not approve laws for the common good, he did not allow his governors to pass laws no matter how urgent and important they may be and instead ordered the governors to wait for his approval which he never gave, he denied to enact laws for the benefit of the majority but would only do so if they gave up their representation in the Legislature and which the people found unacceptable and tyrannical, he convened the Legislature in places far from the Public Records depository and such location was distant, unusual and uncomfortable for the representatives, he dissolved on many occasions the Houses of Representatives for their opposition to his tyranny, he had denied the election of replacement for The Houses he dissolved thus exposing a State without Legislation to such threats as invasions from outside and unrest from inside, he prevented to populate the states when he tried to stop the passage of Naturalization and Immigration laws and refused to amend Land Appropriations, he did not allow for the administration justice with the continued absence of a Judicial arm of government, judges served under his pleasure as their terms of offices and salaries depended on him, he created offices for their officers to harass people, he created unconstitutional standing armies even in times of peace, he made the Military superior to the Civilian, he ruled under a constitution alien to the states, armed troops dwell among the citizens and were protected from punishment even for crimes against the citizens of the states, compulsory taxed and cut off foreign trade of the states, there was no trial by jury and instead brought trials overseas, he ruled in anarchy, dissolved Charters, changed the form of government, and abolished laws, instead of protecting the states declared war against them, he destroyed properties and plundered the people, and forced the people to fight against each other. Then Declaration of Independence states, â€Å" †¦ that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. † Locke believed those rights to be inherent in man’s natural state. Further, the Declaration of Independence provides, â€Å"That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and institute new Government. †¦ That these united colonies are, and of Right, ought to be Free and Independent States, †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Locke believed that for Government to continue to exist it must have the consent of the people. When a government does not serve the purpose for which it was created, Locke believed that a revolution against it, is a right and an obligation. In both the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution, there is no mention of rebellion or revolution against the Government. Amendment 13 abolished slavery. This is the only part of the Constitution that touches on slavery. Three among the powers of Congress as provided for in the Constitution are: to legislate laws, to declare war, and to levy and collect taxes, duties and excises. Amendments 1-10 are otherwise known as the Bill of Rights. Among these Rights guaranteed in the Constitution are: Amendment 1 – â€Å" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. † Amendment 2 – â€Å" †¦ the right of the people to keep and bear arms †¦,† Amendment 4 – â€Å" †¦ right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, †¦,† and Amendment 6 – â€Å" †¦ the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The times when National Security is involved are certainly periods when we have to be cautious. Suspension of Rights is never a way of caution. Life must go on even in times of threats. To bar people from practicing their faith, speaking up and writing out their thoughts, to gather peacefully, and to file for redress of grievances is not the way of a democracy, a democracy which replaced the anarchic government of the King. References Landry, P. (1997-2006). John Locke. Biographies. Retrieved February 19, 2008 from http://www. blupete. com/Literature/Biographies/Philisophy/Locke. htm

Roe v. Wade :: Womens Right, Abortion, Pro Choice, Pro Life

Roe v. Wade Facts: Texas enacted a law that made it illegal to procure an abortion, unless, pursuant to medical advice, given to save the life of the mother. Jane Roe was an unmarried, pregnant woman. She was unable to get a lawful abortion in Texas because her life was not endanger by the continuation of her pregnancy. Issue:Whether a pregnant woman has a constitutional right to terminate the pregnancy; and whether the state interests in protecting life are justified under strict scrutiny that the 14th Amend demands? Legal Reasoning: According to the court, the right of privacy under the 14th Amendment is broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. The court further ruled that the right of the woman is not absolute. The state can regulate the woman’s actions in cases where the law serves a â€Å"compelling state interest†. Therefore, in the end, the court ruled that in the initial stages of the pregnancy (before the end of the first trimester) the woman and her physician are free to make their choice about abortion without the interference from the state. For the subsequent stage of pregnancy, the state can regulate the woman’s choice but only to serve the compelling interest of promoting the health of the mother. For the stage after viability, the state in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary to preserve the life of the mother.

Epic Characteristics of Paradise Lost Essay -- essays papers

Epic Characteristics of Paradise Lost Paradise Lost is one of the finest examples of epic tradition in all of literature. In composing this work, John Milton was, for the most part, following in the manner of epic poets of past centuries. By knowing the background of epic characteristics and conventions, it is easy to trace their presence in Book I of Paradise Lost. One of the biggest questions that a reader must face is that of the hero; exactly who is the epic hero in the poem? While Satan may not be the "hero" of Paradise Lost, Milton quickly establishes him as its main character, and as the most complex and detailed of Milton's descriptions. Satan is given many traditional attributes as an epic hero. Although he may not be the classical hero, he does defeat the creatures that God had created. This is why I feel that Milton meant Satan to be the hero of Paradise Lost. Another three characteristics of the epic are hardly items of debate, as was the hero. The setting of the poem is indeed vast in scope. It ranged from Heaven to Hell and to the Earth. The action of the story also consisted of deeds of great valor that required superhuman courage. Although biblically, we may not consider Satan to have courage, we know that he must have shown it while fighting the war in heaven against God. According to the dictionary, courage is "that quality of mind which shows itself in facing danger without fear or shrinking." Satan most certainly may be said to fit this description. There were also supernatural forces at work throughout the poem, such as gods, angels, and demons. In addition to these four epic characteristics, Milton also employees the so-called epic conventions in his poem. Milton definitely begins b... ...the hive†¦" (lines768+). These similes are Milton's way of helping us to better relate the story to common things in our lives. In spite of some alterations and modifications, we can clearly see how Milton used the classical epic characteristics and conventions in his writing. It was by employing these methods in to an already well known story that Milton created a masterpiece. Francis C. Blessington seems to sum it up the best. "Milton built his epic out of those of Homer and Virgil, like a cathedral erected out of the ruins of pagan temples whose remains can still me seen" (xiii). Bibliography: Works Cited Blessington, Francis C. Paradise Lost and the Classical Epic. Boston: Routledge, 1979. Milton, John. "Paradise Lost." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M. H. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993. 1475-1495.

Family structure Essay

Abstract Throughout the course of history and from the time that human beings began to modernize and grow into civilizations, the beliefs of what was thought normal, the distinct ways of living; have greatly changed over time. One certain belief that is focused in this paper is family structure, the contrast there is between nuclear families and the extended ones. Although the United States has now a dominant structure, which is nuclear families, it wasn’t always like this. It alone has many different norms of family structure due to differences in socioeconomic status, the government, religion, media, culture, etc. Moreover, do other countries. One must think how these types of influences also play a key role in other parts of the world, for example the Latin-American countries whose main structure is extended families. This paper will focus on family structure in United States but Latin America as well. How has family structure changed over time in the United States? How has family structure changed in Latin America? How do these two different parts of the world, differ from each other and how do they compare in terms of family structure and what influences them? Finally, where might the future of family structure be headed towards, in both of these regions of the world? Keywords: Family Structure U.S, Family Structure Latin America Modernized Family Structure in the   United States and Latin America Family structure is a concept that has changed over time. As complex as it is, it can have a variety of structures, or forms. There isn’t a single definition for this term, as in there is not only one unique model of family, there’s no stereotype for it. As known families and the changes within them, are different from country to country and around the world, this is due to the fact that there’s different customs, values, morals, cultures and traditions, education, marriages, fertility rates, economy different industrialization levels among those countries, etc. However, the more outstanding change has occurred between nuclear families and extended families, because those are the two main family structures, and the ones who seem to be changing in this modern world. The previous mention facts provide  the reasons why this is happening and also how can it become in the future if it continues this way. The United States is a great example of modernization and these changes in family, because it went from a large number of extended families to an increasing number of nuclear families. On the other hand, there are the Latin American countries, that even though they have also modernized, they still have more extended families due to culture, traditions or education reasons. Using as an example this two different regions, which are completely different economic and culture wise. It will be easier to show differences and similarities that Latin America has undergone compared to the United States of America over time and why it is this way. Types of Structures Family is a social institution that unites people to cooperate with one another in groups, with the purpose of taking care of each one in the group. Therefore, there is not a specific model for what a family should look like. There are different types and ways of families living in households all around the world. For example: One-parent families, composed by single mother or father; families with couples that aren’t married, Blended families; singlehood, single independent people, adoptive families, single childs, etc. However, the two predominant types that have evolved over time and conflict with each other, those are extended and the nuclear families. The Nuclear family also known as â€Å"conjugal family† is a family composed of the two spouses and their children, based on marriage. The Extended family is composed of parents and children as well as other kin; this being grandparents, uncles, cousins, etc. This group is also called â€Å"consanguine family†, because everyone shares blood type. Nuclear families are often seen in industrialized societies, while extended families prevail in preindustrial societies. United States Family Structure Background The United States of America it is now a industrialized high income country that has fully developed; and in which many people seek to establish citizen ship, due to the ease of climbing the socioeconomic ladder or class mobility and also that there is that ease to economically support and provide for families in view of the opportunity there are. Then again, it wasn’t always  like this, economy and the U.S. wasn’t as developed before, and many things were different. Analyzing it from the family’s structure point of view, it historically went from being mainly extended families to nuclear. As it is known the United States, has been colonized by European countries; more specifically England. Then it is no surprise most of its trends, cultural traits, traditions, etc. comes from Europe. Moreover, they brought education. This was why in the time during the colonization form 1600 to 1700’s, the United States was mainly based in agriculture and faming, therefore they needed of many members to help take care of lands and help with children. They were also really numerous families because lack of education. So people used to have a larger number of children, because they weren’t taught how to avoid that, and because they thought the more children they had the better. But this went changing. Moving on to the time of the industrial revolution in the 1800’s, there was an economic impulse, and now that people where more educated and started developing individually, made nuclear families grow. As a result of this situation, the number of extended families went down; however the household population was still 90% extended families. The remaining 10%, who were mostly the ones with extended recourses, rich or wealthy; as mention before, were the ones able to educate themselves, develop economy and therefore, have less children because of ease it represented. On the course of time, around the early 19th century, there was around a 1% increase in extended families due the fact that during 60’s and the 70’s there was a harder economy, so family was needed to help with economy. Regardless of this fact the multigenerational families were still in decay. Furthermore, numbers clearly show this decrease. Parents and children living with other relatives have gone from 65.5% in 1940 to 46.2% in 1970. Also; according to N. V. Benokraitis (2010), â€Å"Two generations ago, the typical American family consisted of a father, a mother, and three or four children† (p. 03). These facts show how from the time of the colonies, the industrialization to the time of the 1900’s, larger families have lessened. United States in the Present Going further; to the end of the 1900’s into 20th Century people started to see more and more changes in family households. In the U.S. it started to emerge the less dominant divers’ types of family structures, making its way to even more developed country. The nuclear family is for now the predominant one cause the economy and the culture has set it as the ideal for the times the U.S. is going through. Although, and as mentioned before these minority family types are in erosion. In the United States these changes occurred because of cause and effect reactions. The three main causes are modernization, economy, and independence. For example, marriages, they are no longer what they used to be. Due to, conflicts that cause divorces; and not to mention, the seeking of independence among men and women specially. Bianchi & Spain, (1996) argued that â€Å"U.S. families are changing in response to a number of factors, including the desire of women to have more career options ant to provide better lives for their children† Bianchi & Spain, 1996, p. 6-8, (as cited in Macionis, 2010, p.368). Also, Brown’s (1981) studies found the following: Comparing the urban and rural parts of the country, between 1950 and 1970, showed that rural divorce were lower, fewer women age 20-24 were unmarried, and the number of children per 1,000 ever married women age 35-44 was slightly higher in rural America. This shows how men and women that live in urban place, tend get more divorces or be single, than those in rural place; where it tends to be more of a family environment. As a matter of fact the individual growth and independence is also reflecting in young adults, as well as adult. Almost 19 million adults around ages 30 to 44 are single and have never been married, representing 31 percent of all people in that age group, this is happening because it is more economic to only look after themselves, rather than for a whole family. For example: in the U.S. out of 117.2 million households, 78.9 million (67%) meet the bureau’s definition of family. The rest of the living units contained single people or not relates, and in 1950, 90% of household where families (U.S.Census Bureau, 2010). Despite, that family health is decreasing; it is fact that these single people are more capable of maintaining their finance, and paying debts. Blended and one parent household have also risen this past years. Trends in culture and modern life, have led people into be more and more unsatisfied with the people they marry. The demands are higher and conflict among spouses get sometimes into violence, abuse, etc. and as a result people get divorces, get remarried or stay single parents. For  example: from 2007 to 2008 the census dated that the percentage of children under age 18 living with two married parents fell from 77 percent in 1980 to 67 percent. In addition, Single-parent American households increased from 11 percent of all households in 1970 to 29 percent. Al this, has led to this last few years, the present day in the United States. In which; nuclear families are the ideal and majority, although this is evidently changing; and also a place where, families are no longer multigenerational, and if there are still some left, they will eventually disappear. In other words, it is a reality that family is metaphorically â€Å"falling apart†, in the United States. Latin America’s family background Many aspects of Latin American history compared to the United States are the same, however the difference lays on the way thing where approached. In Latin American countries’ history, it is evident that the extended families were more of a tradition in the culture before colonies, in which indigenous or native people lived in group and large families protecting each other, similar to the movie â€Å"Pocahontas.† Indigenous didn’t have any education, another reason for why they had larger families. Subsequently, around the 1400’s Christopher Columbus and European missioner, begun colonizing Latin American countries. During this process a new race was formed, the mixed race, which was a result of, the European missioners mixed with the indigenous. Europeans provided the native and mixed races with little if any education; and strongly imposed and established their culture, religion and government trends. For more than three centuries, from 1492 until the end of the rebellions for independence in 1826, European powers ruled Colonial Latin America. Spain and Portugal dominated the majority of Latin America. After that period every Latin American country had its independence. Then again, they still kept the culture and the Catholic religion as well the multigenerational family type of European countries. This remained practically steady for an extended period of time until the early 19th century, were the time for modernization and industrialization in Latin America started. However, until that time a splitting of extended families occurred. This meaning that extended families divided into two: the poor extended families, that where the indigenous families, that because of lack of education had numerous children, and because their poverty the entire  kinship had to leave in the same household, not being able to afford land or properties. On the other hand, there was the wealth extended family that was the white European people and the mixed race successors who were accepted by their European parents; being raced as white and educated at the same level as the white who stayed in Latin America. This side of the extended families, which were wealth and well educated, where the ones who lived in multigenerational family structure due to mostly tradition, and as a sign of well being and success. Further on, in the 1900’s, like stated before modernization process incremented and then the gap among this family type widened. Leading one into successfully adapt to modern way of living; and the other, into a greater pover ty. Latin America in Present Day Since The 90’s Latin America started to follow the path into a modern society. Even thought South American countries don’t have the industrialization level as the U.S., opportunity and economy has also risen. Therefore, Family change also occurred. Basically in Latin America has now divided its family structure into three parts and for distinct reasons. The first one is the wealthy extended families, which live in larger families just because of tradition or culture, for example: as Macionis (2010) states â€Å"Many Latinos enjoy the loyalty and support of extended families. Traditionally, Hispanic parents exercise greater control over children’s courtship, considering marriage an alliance of families† (p. 378). It is basically to have a better control and help with raising of the children. Second there are the wealthy nuclear families, which have followed more North American trends. Finally there is the poor extended family, which live in larger families due to lack of education, and also because help is needed with the raising of children. Even though the economy and the development in South America is not even close the first world countries it still evolved quiet fast into modernized life, with higher numbers of nuclear family. As a matter of fact, extended families are starting to decrease. It went being the majority in developing countries of Latin American two decades ago, to being now in present day around a quarter of the population in every Latin American country. According to the ECLAC (The Economic Commission for Latin America), around 43% of the entire population of Latin America is in poverty or below, and 40% of poor people live in extended family household. Which  means it’s only a 17.2 percent, the number of extended families in present day. A better quality education during the past three decades, has been another factor that impulse Latin American young adults and adults from ages around 25 – 30 f to make decisions in whether they want fewer or more member of their family, living in a harder, more competitive, and modern world. The tradition of large families helped Hispanics to be largest minority groups in the U.S., however, today more and more Latinas are making the same decision, and opting to have fewer children. (Navarro, 2004; U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). In terms of the other family types has also changed, although it is not a noticeable, some of types as; single child families, and adoptive families, have been becoming more frequently seen in Latin-American societies. Although, individualization or singlehood for example, is not that common in Latin American, because for one, in Hispanic countries is not well seen when a person around it late twenties –early thirties; does not have a partner or spouse. Comparing the United States and Latin-America Both backgrounds are mostly the same because both regions had the same lack of education and both where colonized by European countries, although this may be true, things in family structure turned out different because of the socio-economical and development approach they had. Comparing both regions, they both underwent that family structural change, and had almost the same results they both adapted modern family structures. However, the change of the U.S is higher in rates and percentage, because as showed by the research Latin American’s still keep some of their traditions, and extended families either being poor or wealthy. Whereas the United States has industrialized and socio-economy developed that the extended families are reduced to a small fraction, moreover, nuclear families have also reduced. Concluding Research In conclusion of this research, it is clear that in the United States family structure went drastically from being multigenerational or extended, to nuclear, and is turning into independent structure, as an effect of mainly modernization, and practical living. Following the same path, it is Latin-America, whose data shows that family structure has also suffered and  evolved into more nuclear and modern families. But unlike the United States, it still conserves some part of its traditions, culture, and extended family structure, generally speaking, it still in the transition from extended to nuclear family. As a result, of still being several steps behind the industrialization level of the U.S. Nonetheless, all country will get to the same point and this metaphoric conflict there is among nuclear and extended families around the globe, will further on be nonexistent, because there will be a majority of independent people, trying to succeed and survive in a competitive world, where there’ll be no place and time for family. References Benokraitis, N. V. (2010). The changing family. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints (pp. 03 – 25). New York, NY: Pearson Education. Berroa, R. (1986). An introduction to Latin American society: a background to its fiction. Literature of the Americas. vol. 1. Retrieved from: http://mason.gmu.edu/~rberroa/Latinamerica.htm The Economic Commission for Latin America. (2011a.). Types of urban households,by household per capita income level, 2010. [XLS. file]. Retrieved from: http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2011/esp/content_es.asp The Economic Commission for Latin America. (2011b.). Poor and indigent population,urban and rural areas. [XLS. file]. Retrieved from: http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2011/esp/content_es.asp Farrell, B., VandeVusse, A., & Ocobock, A. (2012). Family change and the state of sociology. Current Sociology, 60(3), 283-301.doi:10.1177/0011392111425599. Kobrin, F. E. (1976). The fall in household size and th e rise of the primary individual in the United States. Population of Studies and Training Center, vol. 13(1), 1-17 Larkin, M. (1966). Family planning in Mexico. Nation, 203(16), 508-511. Macionis, J. J. (2010). Family and religion. Society: The Basics (pp. 366 – 383). NewYork, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Mogey, J. (1962). Changes in the family: Introduction. International Social Science Journal, 14(3), 411-424. Spain, D., & Bianchi, S. M. (1996). Racial differences in nonmarital births. Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women. (pp. 6 – 8). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation The United States Census. (2010). America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf The United States Census. (2010). Census Bureau Reports Foreign-Born Households are Larger, Include More Children and Grandparents: 2012 Retrieved from: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/foreignborn_population/cb12-79.html Zimmerman, C. C. (1972). The future of the family in america. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 34(2), 323-333.

These Are -Some Adjectives

These Are -Some Adjectives These Are â€Å"-Some† Adjectives These Are â€Å"-Some† Adjectives By Mark Nichol The suffix -some has one of three functions. The most common function, the adjectival one, helps us enrich our vocabulary, and in some cases (especially when -some is attached to a heretofore unacquainted noun to create a nonce word) provides a whimsical or otherwise humorous tone. The adjectival use of -some (stemming ultimately from the Old English word for some) aids in characterizing something tangible or intangible. Some -some words are ubiquitous; others may be new to you. Here’s a nearly comprehensive list. 1. Awesome: This term, tragically weakened by hyperbolic usage, originally had the potent sense of â€Å"something inspiring awe.† (Awe, â€Å"a combination of wonder, dread, and profound respect,† came to us from the Old Norse word agi.) As a result, it is best avoided except in the most casual contexts. 2. Adventuresome: In Middle English, aventure meant â€Å"chance, risk† (ultimately from Latin adventus, â€Å"to arrive†). Adventuresome is a close synonym of adventurous, â€Å"inclined to undertake risks.† 3. Blithesome: Blithe, which comes down to us unchanged from Old English, means â€Å"happy† or â€Å"heedless†; blithesome refers to the former sense. 4. Bothersome: Bother’s etymology is unknown, but its meaning and that of bothersome is clear: A bother is a worry or an annoyance, and something bothersome arouses those feelings. 5. Burdensome: Burden (from the Middle English word byrthen, â€Å"something born, or carried†) is a load or a responsibility, and the connotation is usually negative, so a burdensome task or duty is an unpleasant one. 6. Chucklesome: This expression, based on the root word chuckle, â€Å"laugh† (itself derived from chuck, a variant of cluck, meaning â€Å"a click of the tongue†) means â€Å"inclined to laugh,† or â€Å"humorous.† 7. Cuddlesome: To cuddle (etymology unknown) is to hug, and something cuddlesome is worthy of such attention. 8. Cumbersome: The use of this term’s root word (â€Å"hinder, clutter,† from the Middle French word combre, â€Å"dam†) is rare, though encumber is more familiar. Cumbersome itself means â€Å"unwieldy† or â€Å"ponderous.† 9. Dolesome: This synonym for doleful is based on an archaic synonym for grief and means â€Å"sorrowful.† 10. Fearsome: Though this word can mean both â€Å"causing fear† and â€Å"feeling fear† (or, more accurately, â€Å"timid†), the former usage prevails. However, a third sense, also more common than the latter, is â€Å"extreme,† as in â€Å"fearsome ambition.† 11. Flavorsome: This synonym of flavorful is based on the term ultimately derived from the Latin word flatus, â€Å"breath† (which glad you asked is also the origin of flatulence). 12. Frolicsome: The root word, a borrowing from the Dutch word vroolijk, â€Å"happy,† means â€Å"playful† in English, so frolicsome refers to someone in such a mood. 13. Fulsome: This term, a combination of full and -some, is one of a class of words that have unfortunately acquired contradictory or confusing senses. Actually, fulsome started out that way, with the senses of â€Å"abundant, generous, well developed† competing with â€Å"offensive, overdone, effusive.† Although the negative senses long prevailed, they have been overtaken, though not thoroughly, by the positive ones. The result: Unless the context is clear, your readers may not know which sense you intend to convey. 14. Gladsome: This word, whose root is the word that means â€Å"expressing happiness or joy,† is a synonym for cheerful. 15. Gruesome: This word for something frightening or repulsive stems from the Middle English word gruen, â€Å"to shiver.† The root word is seldom used on its own, usually in horror fiction. 16. Handsome: Of all the some words, this one has perhaps the most interesting etymology. It originated in Middle English when hand, the word for the extension of the arm, was attached to -some to mean â€Å"easy to use.† The meaning was extended to â€Å"appropriate,† and from there is wasn’t too much of a leap to the sense of â€Å"attractive.† 17. Irksome: To irk is to weary or irritate, and something irksome arouses those feelings. 18. Lithesome: Lithesome and its variant, lissome, mean â€Å"nimble, flexible,† from an old English word for â€Å"slow.† 19. Loathsome: The root word now has a sense of â€Å"reluctant, unwilling,† but the Middle English word loth, from which it stems, means â€Å"evil,† and the modern definition of loathsome is â€Å"disgusting.† 20. Lonesome: This word means â€Å"feeling lonely.† 21. Lovesome: This term means â€Å"winsome† (see below) or â€Å"affectionate.† 22. Meddlesome: Meddle (from the Latin word miscere, â€Å"to mix†) means â€Å"to interfere,† and a meddlesome person, therefore, is a busybody. 23. Mettlesome: The previous term should not be confused with this word for â€Å"spirited,† from mettle, an alteration of metal with the connotation of â€Å"strength, stamina.† 24. Nettlesome: This synonym for irritating is based on nettle, the name for any of various plants that sting or have prickly parts. 25. Noisome: The root word for this synonym for harmful or objectionable is not noise but Middle English noy, â€Å"annoyance.† However, considering that noise ultimately stems from the Latin word nausea, which English borrowed directly, perhaps they’re related after all. 26. Quarrelsome: Quarrel (from the Latin word querela, â€Å"complaint† which is also the source of querulous but not of query) means â€Å"to struggle or dispute,† and a quarrelsome person is one inclined to fight or argue. 27. Tiresome: This word’s meaning stems from the senses of tire meaning â€Å"to fatigue or bore.† A tiresome person or situation is one that causes fatigue or boredom. 28. Toilsome: Toil means â€Å"strenuous labor,† and a toilsome task is an unusually laborious one. 29. Toothsome: This synonym for attractive or delicious, with a reference to the toothsome person or provender’s impact on the teeth as an extension of the sense of taste, may seem a fairly recent coinage, but it is in fact hundreds of years old. 30. Troublesome: Trouble (ultimately from the Latin word turbulentus, from which turbulent is also derived) is the root of this word meaning â€Å"difficult, causing trouble.† 31. Venturesome: The root word of this term is an alteration of adventure, and venturesome is a synonym of adventuresome (see above), but it has an distinct sense of â€Å"hazardous† as well. 32. Wearisome: This word’s root is a synonym for tired, and wearisome is, likewise, another word for tiresome (see above). 33. Wholesome: The root word is whole (from the Middle English word hool, â€Å"healthy, unhurt, entire,† ultimately from Old English hal, from which we also derive hale), but the word means not only â€Å"healthy† but also â€Å"proper, prudent, safe.† It is the only word on this list with an antonym formed simply by appending the prefix -un. 34. Winsome: The meanings of winsome are â€Å"charming† or â€Å"cheerful,† but the root is derived not from the Old English predecessor of win, as in â€Å"to achieve victory† (winnan, â€Å"struggle†) but from the same language’s term wynn, â€Å"joy.† (However, both winnan and wynn probably ultimately stem from the Latin word venus, â€Å"desire.†) 35. Worrisome: A worrisome thought or deed is simply one that provokes worry, or concern. The other, more pedestrian uses of the suffix -some are to attach it to one of several numbers to indicate a group of people, as in twosome, threesome, and foursome (fivesome and sixsome are also listed in at least one unabridged dictionary, but the suffix is not applied to larger numbers) or to convey an approximation, as in â€Å"Twenty-some people attended the meeting.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesHyper and Hypo50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper Essays

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper Essays Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper Essay Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper Essay Research Paper on ADHD Review of Literature Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a mental disorder in children which includes a group of symptoms that comprises loss of attention, impulsive behavior and hyperactivity. These signs and symptoms are noticed in children between six and twelve years (Oord et al., 2012). The symptoms are pronounced in changing environments. Sleeping disorders and anxiety is also noted among children with ADHD (Oord et al., 2012). ADHD is defined as an abnormal mental condition in children which causes a significant impact on the education of a child (Barkley, 2006). Diagnosis of ADHD is mostly made through symptoms observation (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016). Treatment entails pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. These entire plans meet the criteria for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity condition listed by the American psychologists association (Chronis et al., 2006). Pharmacological methods include stimulant and non-stimulant methods. Methylphenidate is the drug that has been the most practiced pharmacological approach. Non-pharmacological methods include behavioral therapies. These non-pharmacological behavioral therapies include Parent training, educational plans and training the patients on necessary social skills (Chronis et al., 2006). Parent training entails some reinforcement therapies such as positive and negative reinforcement policies. Rewarding positive behavior and punishing bad behavior has resulted in significant impact on ADHD patients (Lee, et al., 2012). Various classroom measures such as praise, timeouts during hyperactivity episodes, keeping daily scores by the teachers has also resulted in reduced symptoms in these patients (Chronis et al., 2006). Pharmacological treatment of the ADHD includes various methods: the use of stimulant drugs which include amphetamine and methylphenidate (Chronis et al., 2006). Methylphenidate has been the first line and the preferred choice for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Some other drugs have listed though not approved for clinical use in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Vallerand et al., 2014). Long-acting stimulants have been preferred by most parents since the children could just take once without interfering with their school routines (Vallerand et al., 2014). The combination of the pharmacological stimulant therapy and behavioral therapy has shown to have an improved impact on the patients compared to the behavioral therapy alone or the standard community care (Oord, et al 2012). There has been a preference for either the combination method or behavioral therapy by parents and teachers, and its has a significant impact on the adherence to the therapeutic regimens has a substantial impact on the condition of the children (Vallerand et al., 2014). Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research done by (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016) shows that the efficiency of ADHD diagnosis was compromised as doctors were not able to recognize all the symptoms due to inadequate training and intricate nature of ADHD. Diagnosis of other mental conditions such as mood disorder was more efficient (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016). Many general practitioners diagnosed challenging and misguided behavior as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder though they diagnosed the primary symptoms of impulsiveness, inattention and hyperactivity right (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016). ADHD Therapy According to research (Vallerand et al., 2014) regarding behavioral therapies for children with this condition; ADHD showed that there was an important niche in the administration process of these behavioral treatments. The administrators of these therapies lacked insight into some of the methods. It was considered a psychosocial intervention and hence was not a prioritized approach in the management of children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Vallerand et al., 2014). The significant value was emphasized on other methods such as the pharmacological method compared to the behavior modification methods (Vallerand et al., 2014). The observation in the research is similar to previous studies carried by Weiss (Vallerand et al., 2014).Weiss demonstrated the different emphasis received by the two methods (Weiss et al., 2008). The research also noted that there was lack of adequate training of physicians regarding the behavior modification therapy used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Vallerand et al., 2014)The healthcare professionals assumed there was no need of the methods as behavior modification will be achieved by mental health education systems (Vallerand et al., 2014). Other professionals didnt contribute to the use of the behavioral training methods to achieve symptom relief as there was no evidence to support that in the research (Vallerand et al., 2014). The gap in knowledge of the behavioral training therapies has significantly undermined the use of this method by healthcare professionals to achieve quality management of the patients (Vallerand et al., 2014) Overlapping knowledge of evidence and non-evidence-based behavioral methods and failure to comprehend the difference has prevented the prioritization of the evidence-based practices and access to them (Vallerand et al., 2014). They also found out the level of specification and details of the behavioral guidelines also differed and contributed to different outcomes. Due to this the research suggests inclusion of all relevant behavioral therapy guidelines to achieve maximum utility and relief of the symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients (Vallerand et al., 2014) Its possible that the research by Vallerand didnt acknowledge all the relevant behavioral guidelines due to the inclusion criteria used in the study (Vallerand et al., 2014). The omitted guidelines have been shown to have a significant impact on behavioral modification in patients. Research done by Paul Hodgkins et al notes that the type of behavioral change instructions is unique for every patient and has to be tailored according to the disease pattern and symptoms observed in the patient (Hodgkins et al., 2012). Pharmacological Method According to the research by Paul Hodgkins et al regarding amphetamine and methylphenidate medication use children with the mental disorder: ADHD, both the drugs improved the symptoms by reducing motor-related activity compared to the patients that were given placebo medications (Hodgkins et al.,2012).There was no drug that commanded overall superiority as the outcomes were different in different subjects, some showed amphetamine superiority while others showed methylphenidate, some registered no difference between the drugs (Hodgkins et al., 2012).The research points out the duration of action of the drug had a significant impact on the outcome (Hodgkins et al., 2012). The drugs had different adverse effects, and the study concludes that amphetamines resulted in apathy and unenthusiastic emotions, stomach pains while patients taking methylphenidate had fatigue, sleeping disorders, and nugatory emotions such as crying and sadness (Hodgkins et al., 2012). Children on amphetamine had more and severe side effects compared to those on methylphenidate (Hodgkins et al., 2012). However, increased nervousness and mannerisms were illustrated in boys taking methylphenidate compared to those on placebo. Such occurrences were negative in amphetamine patients (Hodgkins et al., 2012). Maximization of the positive effects of the drug in order to achieve reduction or abolishment of symptoms required thorough assessment of the patients condition, adequate monitoring of the patients to immediately treat any complications and severe side effects and ensuring total adherence to the drugs contributes in the optimization of the medicine effects (Hodgkins et al.,2012) Combination Treatment Method The research notes the significance of ADHD management that incorporates all forms of treatment has been acknowledged and approved in ADHD treatment guidelines (Hodgkins et al., 2012). Multimodal regimens showed superior outcomes compared to pharmacological therapy alone (Hodgkins et al., 2012). The study (Hodgkins et al., 2012) also explains that the multimodal treatment was superior as it was not affected by non-adherence. It supports prior studies that encourage the combination of pharmacological therapies and behavioral modification training methods due to the advantages linked to it (Hodgkins et al., 2012). This combination approach has been crucial in cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders that have coexisting diseases and in situations of financial incapability as its cost effective (Vallerand et al., 2014). It is evident that all the treatment regimens had no significant impact on inattention noted in attention deficit hyperactivity patients and some instances worsened. However, other symptoms including hyperactivity and impulsiveness improved with treatment (Oord et al., 2012). Conclusion The various treatment methods have significant impacts on management (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016). The studies in this review also recognize the deficits in knowledge of general practitioners regarding the various treatment modules and diagnosis of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Tatlow-Golden et al., 2016). The research also notes that parents of children who have this mental disease; ADHD had higher levels of stress compared to other parents (Oord et al., 2012). References Hodgkins, P., Shaw, M., Coghill, D., Hechtman, L. (2012). Amfetamine and methylphenidate medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complementary treatment options. European child adolescent psychiatry, 21(9), 477-492. McCarty, C. A., Vander Stoep, A., Violette, H., Myers, K. (2015). Interventions developed for psychiatric and behavioral treatment in the Childrens ADHD Telemental Health Treatment Study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1735-1743. Oord, S., Prins, P. J. M., Oosterlaan, J., Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2012). The Adolescent Outcome of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Treated with Methylphenidate or Methylphenidate Combined with Multimodal Behaviour Therapy: Results of a Naturalistic Followup Study. Clinical psychology psychotherapy, 19(3), 270-278. Tatlow-Golden, M., Prihodova, L., Gavin, B., Cullen, W., McNicholas, F. (2016). What do general practitioners know about ADHD? Attitudes and knowledge among first-contact gatekeepers: systematic narrative review. BMC Family Practice, 17(1), 129. Vallerand, I. A., Kalenchuk, A. L., McLennan, J. D. (2014). Behavioural treatment recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 251-258.

Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay

Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essayIn the contemporary business environment, training and development play an important part because they become the major drivers of the organisational development. More important, today, training and development are essential for the survival of organisations in the highly competitive business environment because knowledge and learning play the key part in determining the competitive position of organisations. As a result, many organisations invest into their training and development, while the concept of the learning organisation becomes more and more popular today. At the same time, the development of the training process raises the problem of the development of effective methods and strategies of training, the correlation between actual needs of organisations and the training and development process, and many other issues. In actuality, there are different views on the training and development process but there is no homogeneous approach to training and development and each organisation tends to develop its own training and development methods and strategies. Training and development is a complex process that may involve the application of different methods the choice of which depends on the specificity of the organisation, its human resources, marketing goals and objectives, and resources available to the organisation.The training and development process normally includes several key stages. The first stage is reviewing and consultation which aim at the revelation of current training needs of the organisation and the development of the further training strategy respectively to the training objectives of the organisation. Reviewing and consultation allows determining urgent needs of the organisation on the ground of which the organisation can develop its training methods and strategies. Such reviewing and consultation helps to identify weak point s in the organisational development and training and eliminate existing weaknesses or drawbacks.The second stage of the training and development process is questioning that involves the analysis of possible alternatives to the behaviour, skills and functions required from employees that are going to be involved in the training process. The next stage of the training and development process is agreeing. This stage involves the close interaction of the manager responsible for the training and development of human resources with colleagues and employees of the organisation to receive feedback from them concerning current needs of employees and the organisation at large. Furthermore, the following stage is modelling, which implies the analysis of the available models and methods of learning and training that can be applied to the particular organisation (Reid 2007: 138). The next stage of the training and development process is negotiation, which involves the agreement of key points of the training and development model introduced in the organisation with all key stakeholders, such as employees, managers, coaches, and others. The final stage of the training and development process is the implementation of the developed plan and respective method of training.Furthermore, training methods should focus on three levels which meet respective training needs of organisations: organisational level; department level and individual level. Â  At each level, the training relies heavily on human resources, who are involved directly in the training and development process. However, the scope of the training and development differs depending on the level. For instance, at the individual level, an employee develops specific skills required for his/her position and specific tasks and functions the employee performs on the regular basis. At the department level, employees should focus on the training and development to work as a team within their department to optimize and enhance the performance of the department that means the improvement of their interaction within the department and better communication within the department. At the organisational level, employees have to focus on the training and development that help them to develop their strategic thinking to understand the vision and mission of their organisation and develop required skills and focus their performance to reach strategic goals of the organisation through their individual performance.Training and development policies conducted by organisations may differ consistently. Organisations can use training and development policies oriented on the continuous professional development that means that employees keep developing new skills and improving existing ones in the course of their career all the time. In this regard, the life-long learning the preferable scheme for many organisations as well as employees because such learning and training of employees involves the improvement and developmen t of professional skills of employees during their life time. Therefore, employees always keep progressing. Such life-long training and development requires a lot of efforts from the part of organisations but such approach is highly beneficial in a long-run perspective. If the organisation manages to retain the personnel and prevent high turn-over rates, the organisation can enhance its competitive position due to the steady rise of the qualification level of its employees, the improvement of their performance and, therefore, the growth of the customer satisfaction.However, a substantial drawback of the lifetime learning is the high costs of such training policy and different learning skills and abilities of individuals at the different age. For instance, younger employees are more successful in learning than older ones that means that training will be more effective for young employees than older ones. The high costs of this approach to the training and development process may be a ggravated by the risk of the high turn-over rate among employees of organisations that actually makes such strategy useless because well-trained and highly qualified employees will just abandon their organisations and transfer to other organisations.In addition, there is vocational education training which focuses on the specific training for specific professionals working in their organisation for the development of the required professional skills and abilities. Vocational education training is efficient for the training of required professionals to fill the particular positions in the organisation. At the same time, this approach is not always efficient, if organisations need to have universal employees that can perform multiple functions, although vocational training admits the possibility of training employees for specific jobs but such training needs time and costs.Moreover, it is worth mentioning the induction training which implies the development of job-specific competences and skills, for instance IT training. This approach to the training and development is quite controversial. On the one hand, this approach allows training employees, who are well-qualified and trained to perform their specific functions perfectly. On the other hand, such approach to the training and development process limits functionality of employees and prevents organisations from employing and training professionals, who can perform different functions and take different positions. The narrow specialisation of training becomes unpopular today because the fast progress of technology, fast change of the business environment and other changes require organisations to train and develop universal employees, who can perform tasks that they face at the moment, regardless of their initial specialisation.Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay part 2

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a Research Paper

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a digital forensic investigation - Research Paper Example In addition, discussion will also be helpful for network administrators in understanding different aspects of computer forensics, which will help them in ensuring greater security of their organizations strategically. Before assessing the topic, it is very essential to understand the definition of digital forensics that has been under the process of acquiring recognition due to dearth of research in the area and due to lack of awareness about importance of digital forensics in today’s competitive world. Briefly, forensics is the process in which experts utilize scientific means and skills to collect and analyze evidence that then can be submitted in the court for legal purpose (Kent, Chevaller, Grance, & Dang, 2006). In this regard, digital forensics is a newly-born discipline that is gradually acquiring its importance as a formal area of study that deals with scientific knowledge in collection of evidence from different sources of data related to computers that involve deskto ps, laptops, routers, CCTV, network hubs, logs, software, time packages, emails, etc (ENFSI, 2003). It is very imperative to understand that since digital forensics is a new area of study that is still under the process of standardization, therefore, discussion in this paper related to different sources of data might not be the final word. Thus, it will take further study and investigation to reach to a conclusion in terms of prioritizing these sources in terms of their utilization in different events/incidents. In addition, from a technical perspective, it is also essential to understand that besides assessing different sources of data, it is equally important to ensure fulfillment of primary goal of digital forensics that is about preservation of the identified data source. It has been an observation that investigators usually are able to identify important data sources; however, they overlook preservation of the sources that results in unacceptable of evidence in the court. SOURC ES OF DATA As mentioned earlier, digital forensic investigation has been divided into different stages of preservation, collection, examination, and analysis (ENFSI, 2003). Collection stage is relevant in this paper as it involves identification and collection of information pertinent to the case under investigation. In case of usual forensics, everything is a source since investigators are able to gather information from people and acquire fingerprints from clothes, furniture, floors, etc. However, when it comes to digital forensics, information is usually available in computers of computerized equipments, such as phone logs, web traffic, packet sniffers, network records, etc (ENFSI, 2003), and therefore, it is usually not possible to take away the whole equipment, and investigators have to collect the information while ensuring complete preservation. In digital forensics, besides four stages, one can categorize the stage of collection in two parts. Firstly, investigators collect b ackground evidence that refers to the data that is usually available and stored for usual organizational purposes (Sheldon, 2002). On the other hand, investigators also come across

Imperialism Dialogue (see instructions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imperialism Dialogue (see instructions) - Essay Example You can see that minority populations face at the hands of our government on the basis of imperialism and they have endured for centuries (Zwick 59). We can become a support for them by enabling them to gain freedom. The people of Philippines and black Americans should not be subjugated; they must have their own lives (Zwick 56). I am against President McKinley’s policies that are imperialist. As far as I am concerned, I do not feel at all that I am anti-imperialist, as I believe that people can be controlled by the help of some governance that is strict. We are responsible for the minorities and it is our duty to give them protection whether it is possible with imperialism or any other way (Bartleby.com 2010). We have conquered the land of Philippines and its people have come under our control. Now, they require our support for their defense. Our national strength lies in the fact that United States of America is an imperialist state (Bartleby.com 2010). United States can become a better state if it handles the islands that surround it as the people that live there are in need of our assistance and support. We as world power have a natural right over controlling the minorities according to our own interest. Mark Twain: Well, I believe that every person in this world has a natural right to live his own life with his own will and with full freedom. We conquered Philippines but we have no right to redeem its people (Titta 1997). Theodore Roosevelt: Mr. Twain, you are highly mistaken my dear. Ruling over the world is not an easy task and countries cannot gain world power if we give freedom to everyone (Bartleby.com 2010). As a nationalist, we have to see the interests of our own state and land. Mark Twain: But, this is colonialism and we are subjugating people only for our own interest. As human beings, we are not authorized to allocate people as superior or inferior. I do not say that we should not fight these people

Organized Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Organized Crime - Assignment Example The criminal organization is also known as underworld, mob or crime syndicate. This research paper would not only highlight different aspects of organized crime but shall even reflect upon the importance of waterways or ports. Organized crime is a specific category of crime and is highly distinguishable from financial crimes, white-collar crimes, war crimes, treason, state crimes and political crimes. There are measures being undertaken to safeguard countries from such organized crimes but support from higher authorities tends to increase the frequency of organized crime. Illegal drugs are transported through ports or waterways which forms an integral part of organized crime. High-profit margins are secured through transportation of drugs to various locations. On the other hand, illegal ammunition is also transported through waterways. This, in turn, enhances the strength of criminals and increases adverse impacts created by organized crime. Decreased level of inspection has facilita ted vulnerability of ports. Spatial characteristics and physical layout of ports are highly challenging in terms of law enforcement. The research aim of a study sets forth the purpose of any particular research study. This paper would aim at analyzing the significance of waterways or ports in organized crime. Waterways are always considered to be an ideal medium through which goods or services are transported to different locations. However, this form of transportation medium holds a great deal of significance within organized crime. Illegal activities are easily executed with the support of these mediums. Corruption or smuggling are vital components of organized crime and is exhibited with the support of waterways or ports. Research objectives for this study are – Thesis statement of the research study is – â€Å"ways in which organized crime operates in waterways and port areas.† This statement forms the basis of any research study and outcomes are based on th is thesis statement.

Discuss the evolution of enamelled glass in medieval Egypt and Syria, Essay

Discuss the evolution of enamelled glass in medieval Egypt and Syria, focusing on Carboni's book Glass for the Sultans - Essay Example This includes changes in history, politics and culture during the time, all which allowed glasswork and artistic symbols to begin to alter and to show a different understanding of the social knowledge of the time. The glass making that occurred in Egypt and Seria during the medieval times was a result of newer concepts related to society. This time period was known for the ability to conquer several lands and areas, all which were beginning to build and develop politically and within the infrastructure. The Middle Eastern area, ranging from Greece to Spain and Egypt, all were moving through these main influences within politics. Many were focused on conquering neighboring countries, as well as expanding influences. More importantly, the Islamic world began to develop, with many associating the ideas of enameled glass with the religious and philosophical thought processes within the country. The glass making in this region was divided into two time periods. The first was known as the Abbasid Era, which had the time period from 750 – 868. During this time period, Alexandria and Syrian were known for developing the different enameled glass, specifically with a focus on creating intricate pieces for royalty. More importantly, the works that were created were defined by contrasts and colors that associated with religious beliefs and the idea of sacred works during the time. The second time period was linked to Egypt during the Tulunid Era, ranging from 868 – 905. This began to alter from enameled glass to stained glass surfaces, mostly seen in accessories such as lanterns and vessels. The glass used in both these eras were known not only for their ornamentation, but were also created for practical means. There was use of the stained and enameled glass for buildings and architecture while lighting different archways were the main focus of most of

Sustainability Accounting & Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sustainability Accounting & Reporting - Essay Example Process of dealing with the environmental problems accounting is very necessary. Companies need to maintain corporate social responsibility to keep in check stakeholder reasoning. Moreover, different companies normally set uniquely the stakeholders patterns of influence encompassing the stakeholders in the general operation is important. Setting effective base for the CSR the corporations must maintain proper accounts and descriptive theories in explaining CSR, which encompasses managerialist, middle of the road and theoretical model. There exist several means of enhancing the practice of CSR that have evolved over time from the small aspects in business to become key component of business activity. Each industry sets the outline in handling CSR. Triple bottom line reporting provides good start towards sustainability. Process of dealing with social and environmental problems internal organizational perspective is important. Moreover, the consequent development in triple reporting is normally integrated reporting that presents many benefits and possess some few challenges. Most business is naturally unsustainable creating questions while trying to satisfy the social and environmental problems. Therefore, the process ought to allow for sustainability the society that ought to change their perceptions. Partnerships are new dew developments that bring about joint ideas in operations and networking. Moreover, public are good drivers of sustainability than the corporations. Proper costing of carbon is driven by the NGER act; several implications can be identified with the

Discuss the evolution of enamelled glass in medieval Egypt and Syria, Essay

Discuss the evolution of enamelled glass in medieval Egypt and Syria, focusing on Carboni's book Glass for the Sultans - Essay Example This includes changes in history, politics and culture during the time, all which allowed glasswork and artistic symbols to begin to alter and to show a different understanding of the social knowledge of the time. The glass making that occurred in Egypt and Seria during the medieval times was a result of newer concepts related to society. This time period was known for the ability to conquer several lands and areas, all which were beginning to build and develop politically and within the infrastructure. The Middle Eastern area, ranging from Greece to Spain and Egypt, all were moving through these main influences within politics. Many were focused on conquering neighboring countries, as well as expanding influences. More importantly, the Islamic world began to develop, with many associating the ideas of enameled glass with the religious and philosophical thought processes within the country. The glass making in this region was divided into two time periods. The first was known as the Abbasid Era, which had the time period from 750 – 868. During this time period, Alexandria and Syrian were known for developing the different enameled glass, specifically with a focus on creating intricate pieces for royalty. More importantly, the works that were created were defined by contrasts and colors that associated with religious beliefs and the idea of sacred works during the time. The second time period was linked to Egypt during the Tulunid Era, ranging from 868 – 905. This began to alter from enameled glass to stained glass surfaces, mostly seen in accessories such as lanterns and vessels. The glass used in both these eras were known not only for their ornamentation, but were also created for practical means. There was use of the stained and enameled glass for buildings and architecture while lighting different archways were the main focus of most of

American Single Parent Households Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

American Single Parent Households - Essay Example ey gradually proceed towards becoming adults, the psychological and economic stresses that a child has to endure as a result of being forced to come to terms with a household which lacks a parent and which may have strangers as family members often hinders a child’s normal development and growth. Children living in single parent households often present a lack of academic achievement and a tendency for delinquency as a result of deficiency in parental care. The dynamics of a family or a household can be considered in terms of the conflict within a household or an individual’s assessment of reality, which generally have a broad impact on households and the lives of their members. This brief essay attempts to present an examination of the American single parent household from the conflict and symbolic theory perspectives and then presents a comparison of American single parent households with those in the United Kingdom. I hereby certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of the research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere. From a public policy perspective, out - of - wedlock births and fatherless families are often the issues of greatest concern to policymakers, but it has to be appreciated that fatherless families are created by death, divorce, separation or imprisonment and motherless families may also be created as a result of similar circumstances (Ellwood 1 - 10). Changes in societal values and life styles have meant that a significant number of out – of – wedlock births are likely to be cohabiting with fathers and mothers who may be living together without officially having married, or they may have separated prior to marriage. Despite the individualism of the American psyche, it is still possible that children who are living with a single parent, especially those who are living with their mothers, may

The Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The Enlightenment Essay Today we will examine the seven points made about the enlightenment that we have read in this chapter. We will also go over the philosophers who put forth these ideas. What influence can be felt in the present of these ideas? Well in this paper we will find out all of these mind boggling questions. Okay the seven points of enlightenment we will start with first what is enlightenment mean to man? Well it is a mans inability to make use of his understanding. So to answers the first step of enlightenment basically to me means it is someones right to there own authority to subjects and objects. Okay the second step is rationalism and it offers a naturalistic alternative to appeals to religious accounts of human nature and conduct. Now to the enlightenment of movement which means, enlightenment, the movement outwards towards the world and separation is driven by desire, fear, and suffering, movement, which towards to reality which gets to intuition and apperception. That is what I pulled out of the chapter on that step. Okay step four cultural optimism I figured this one to mean that a culture of any would have an optimistic look on it optimistic meaning to look on something with a more favorable side or outcome. Now to step five which is the return to nature I believe that maybe this one means that maybe when people die and the ritual of burying some one means that we are returning to nature. Next step natural rights, well everyone has there rights from the democratic point of view so this must also mean that we have our own natural rights including the right to exist and the rights to make our own choices and such. Step seven last but not least human rights I would believe to include the democratic point of view it is our human right to vote or to fallow the laws and such. These seven steps and the definitions that fallow are my own definitions to these enlightenment steps. The philosophers who put forth these enlightenment steps are the one we have read about in our Sophies world book, Including Locke, Hume, Berkeley. All there ideas views and thoughts were I believe put into effect through these seven steps. What influence can be felt in the present of these ideas? Well I believe they came form the philosophers that I have listed so basically IÂ  answered this question with the one before it. This chapter was fun for me to read because I learned a lot about the enlightenment steps and where they originated from. I just thought that this section of the book was great!

The Effects Of Infrastructural Facilities

The Effects Of Infrastructural Facilities Infrastructure are the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons. Large infrastructure projects generally stimulate demand for nearby real estate .these infrastructural projects usually create abundance of jobs as well as follow on demand for goods and services. They also provide a more effective use and connectivity of the available economic resources and the resulting increase in economy activity from new and more disposable income will in turn typically boost. Economic growth, thats why people will want to purchase or rent residential estate in location within close proximity to major works, Major infrastructure project can take many forms and often include transport, infrastructure improvement such as link roads, railway line extension, new bridges and major freeways. Other projects could be new shopping malls and commercial precincts, new power stations, improve communication facilities industrial areas and business parks, new hospital, school and universities. These can all have an impact property values and demand for residential properties. It is also worthy to note that the quality and quantity of infrastructure available in a given place societies is the yardstick for measuring the general level of development of that area and a major determinants of property development and their respective value trends. The provision or not of these facilities can positively development affect the rate of property development in a given area and this in turn can improve the property value due to the corresponding boost on economics activities achieved through the better accessibility (road) or the higher degree of convenience from the use of these infrastructural facilities. 1.2 Statement of Problem The infrastructure of a city is a major determinant on the demand of houses. One of the major problems affecting housing demand in Lokoja. The poor infrastructure provision in the study area affects the rate of housing Demand in the area, this is because people will only buy or rent houses in areas were the infrastructure provision is sustainably available,this will help to enhance the livability in the community. The poor infrastructure provision in Adankolo is a major determinant on the decrease in the rate of housing demands in the study area. Those who are living in the study area have no choice because they cannot afford the rent in other livable towns . Housing is an enclosed component or structure that has services which support the comfort and existence of human living. These services or facilities are numerous some of which include; kitchen, toilet, refuse disposals, good road networks, electricity, telecommunication and others. Ogedengbe and Oyedele, (2006) carried a research on effects of waste disposal on property values, similarly Robet in his work The Effects of Road Infrastructure on Property Values emphasized more on just road as a facility affecting demandvalues, Whereas many other facilities affect values of residential properties. This now poses a gap between these previous empirical studies hence there is need to reconsider many other facilities as they affect housing demand and housing demand of residential properties. 1.3 Aim and Objectives The aim of this study is to ascertain the effects of infrastructural facilities on housing demand in Lokoja metropolis. OBJECTIVES To identify the various infrastructure available in the study area. To examine the adequacy of infrastructural facilities provision on the residential properties in the study area To recommend possible solution to the problems of housing in the study area. 1.4 Scope of the study This research work intends to determine the effects of infrastructural facilities on housing demand in Lokoja. It is limited to Lokoja metropolis alone with particular emphasis on two areas namely; peace community ganaja village and Adankolo for comparative analysis. 1.5 Justification Although challenges surrounding life and human wants are limited and endless, however these study focuses on the effects of infrastructural facilities on housing demand in Lokoja. And this particular studywill serve as a guide to the following. Urban and regional planners and other allied professionals such as builders, architect, engineers, and others in their various field of activities .for example, these study would give the city managers the ideas of important of infrastructural facilities in there different areas. It serves as a tool to all researchers in the field particularly in the study area.(Lokoja) 1.6 The Study Area Lokoja, Nigeria is located at 7.80236 [latitude in decimal degrees], 6.743 [longitude in decimal degrees] at an elevation/altitude of meters. The average elevation of Lokoja, Nigeria is 55 meters.Lokoja is also a Local Government Area of Kogi State with an area of 3180 km ² and a population of 195,261 at the 2006 census. It is bounded by the Niger in the north and east upstream from the capital until the border with Kwara State, and includes the city of Lokoja. The postal code of the area is 260.The original site of Lokoja, is a 1,349-foot- (411-metre-) high mass of oolitic iron ore. The town has a hydroelectric power generating plant. It is situated on the local highway between Kabba and Ayangbe and has ferry service across the Niger River. Formerly the capital of Kabba province, Lokoja was part of Kwara from 1967 to 1991, when it became the capital of the newly formed state of Kogi. CLIMATE Climate: The site has a tropical climate that comprises of two season namely dry and wet seasons. The wet seasons starts from the month of April and ends in October, while the dry season starts from November and continues till March. The two seasons are affected by the south-westerly winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean and north-easterly winds which come from the Sahara Desert. Another weather phenomenon (micro climate) is associated with the presence of inselbergs. This feature exerts an influence on local weather greater than their size. Rainfall: Rainfall data obtained from the Department of Meteorological Services Lokoja for 25 years (1989- 2005) reveals that the maximum daily rainfall figures of Lokoja town are as follows: Humidity and Temperature: The highest temperatures in the study area always tend to occur at the end of the dry season close to the spring equinox. Thus March has the highest temperature of about 34.5 c, while the lowest temperature occur in the middle of the dry season in December/January, when outgoing radiation is encouraged by low humidity, clear skies and longer nights. The temperature at this time falls as low as 22.8 c. In the dry season there is a decrease in relative humidity from south to north in the study area caused by the higher elevation in the north. In the rainy season, this variation disappears and associated with the high relative humidity is an extensive cloud cover over the region. ECONOMY Agriculture is main stay in Lokoja area economy, various crops are widely grown in the area which includes; coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashews, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon.The state is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited. One of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory . MAP OF NIGERIA DEPICTING STUDY AREA Limitation of the Study The major problem in the field of study is language barrier and through these, the researcher that did not understand their language (respondents) will find it difficult to express his mind freely to those that did not understand English language which is the general language in Nigeria, among the respondents. Another problem is illiteracy among the respondents; because some of the respondent finds it difficult to fill questionnaire which is the main information needed from them for the completion of the project. Lastly regardless of these limitations, data collected are sufficient enough to reach the research objectives. 1.8 Definition of Terms Infrastructures It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development The term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, bridges, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, and so forth, and can be defined as the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions The terms housing demand and housing needs are often confused. There are Some key differences between housing demand and housing needs that must beclarified. The meaning assigned to both terms is erroneously similar in manydocuments. The following statement is extracted from the study of housing- Demand models published by the Housing Branch in Hong Kong which asserts that: Housing needs Housing needs is defined as the number of existing ornew households requiring adequate housing. Anadequately housed household is one that lives in selfcontained living quarters made of permanent material.(Liu, Wu, et al. 1996) They also proffer a workable definition of housing demand, viz: Housing demand Housing demand is defined as the number of householdsactually seeking accommodation. In the public sector,demand is assumed to be equal to housing needs. In theprivate sector, demand is constrained by affordability. Facility may refer to: An installation, contrivance, or other things which facilitates something; a place for doing something: Literature Review Infrastructure has been variously defined, according to William Merish and Catherine Brown described infrastructure as the systematic framework which underpins a communitys ability to fulfill its mission of providing a basis of its citizen to productive and to nurture social equity.Omuojine(1997) described it as the stock of fixed capital assets in a country for example Road, railways, Airports, Hospitals, Waterway, power stations, water works, and telecommunication network. It serves as slender threads that weaves together human want and value with those of the environment.Literally, it refers to fixed facilities or installation traditionally provided by public sector. Omuojine (1997) classified it as followed. Transportation including road, railway, airports, seaports and water way. Water supply including water works and Dams Electricity including power stations Telecommunication including postal, telephone, telex, fax, mile services. Health including Hospital, maternity home, and health centers. Sanitation and solid waste disposal. Drainage and Embankments. Infrastructures have certain characteristics viz. Requires large lump sum investment. Entails considerable economic of scale which results in monopolies. Has a high level of externalities both positives and negatives. Intermediate input characteristics. Possess important networks effects. Posses difficulties in cost recovery. While these characteristics have generally remained true, the exact character trait will depends on whether it is urban, rural or inter rural. Infrastructure or trunk and feeder type of fixed/ moving facilities, or the operator of the facility i.e. Whether public or private, central/ state, local Government agencies. Infrastructures include the aggregate of all facilities that enables a society to function effectively, by providing the physical facilities, which moves people, goods, commodities, water, waste, Electricity, road, sewerage and information infrastructure provides an enabling environment for growth and enhanced quality of life.PojuOnibokun (1985) infrastructure is therefore; universally regarded as the engine that drives the city. The linkage between the economy activities and infrastructure continue to grow stronger and more critical as an economic activity becomes increasingly more complicated and global in scope. Lawal (1997). Through the provision of urban infrastruct ure is tradition all the presence of government, the growing difficulties and limitation of public finance and the reality of the wide gap between the demand and supply of infrastructures services with all its pervasive effect inevitably compel urban authorities to look to the private sector and community. Based organization (cbos) for partnership. Babawale (2004) infrastructure is generally poor in developing countries. Although it differs widely among countries and sectors. In Nigeria for instance most households and private companies get electricity form private generating sets because of power holding of Nigeria unreliability. This imposed extra cost on companies and environmental effects on neighbors. There is no water supply in most cities and therefore no waste disposal system. HOUSING DEMAND Housing demand is defined as the housing need people backed up with the purchasing power or the ability and willingness to pay. According to You (1993). As quoted in Olufemi(1993), housing demand could be expressed in term of purchasing power, a function of income, family size, location and tradition etc. Housing demand is different from need. It is only when the need (desire) is backed up with price or rent that we talk of effective demand.According to Robinson (1979), there are three main component of housing demand and these are. From new households, demand from movers between tenure group and demand from existing household within a particular tenure groups. The author also noted that renting is an important feature of demand. This is because the majority of household who could not build or purchase their own home often result to renting. Demand for housing differs from place to place across the socio- economic groups. For instant demand in the city differs from that of the rural areas. Demand also differs among high, medium, and low income groups. Housing demand also changes with time and with social and economic situations. In Nigeria for instance there is a noticeable change in the demand for different type of units. As income and building technology changes. There has been gradually change from the demand for row housing or face to face tenement to more modern housing types such as self contain and flats apartment as well as duplexes. Generally,housing market or sub market of the low income group demonstrates a great diversity of demand, which result from two major factors (UNCHS, 1996) first is there disposal income and the second is how much they are prepared to spend on housing. The amount of money they are willing to spend on housing is in turn determined by the type of accommodation available, the location, s ize, and quality of the houses in terms of infrastructure and services available, and the level of security offered. The demand for housing is a reflection of the ability of household to pay for them. Thus, an examination of households, income and prices of housing unit provides a basis for accessing housing demand, an assessment of the housing demand situation in Nigeria by the UNCHS (1993) reveals that the different income groups are confined to different options. Generally, the poor economic situation in Nigeria during and in the post. Structure adjustment program (SAP) period has affected the purchasing power of the majority. Although household income have risen, in numerical terms, by a factor of about five since 1987, the purchasing power has declined by a factor of about eight(UNCHS,1993). It is therefore observed that the household income of the lowest income group are too low to allow them to exercise any effective demand for formal housing in the open market consequently, majority of the low income household cannot afford any form of formal housing without subsidy. Thus they resort to sur vival outside the formal housing market. For this group the UNCHS (1993) observed that. the present 20% of the household do not earn enough to participate in formal housing market in the urban area. They resort to various informal housing arrangements for themselves. This arrangement includes the setting -up of shanty dwellings of their own on land belonging to them(squatting), renting shanty dwelling, colonization of uncompleted multiples storey buildings, occupation of vacant spaces in public buildings at night,etc. BASIC CONCEPT OF HOUSING. Housing is an empirical word as Salau (1990) has written The confusion of given an exact meaning of definition to housing is perhaps due to the multi-dimensional nature of housing itself Agboola (1998) stated that Housing involves series of processes by which resources such as land, labour, finance and building materials are combine to produce new housing. It involves also the upgrading of existing housing to the demanders .He explained further that housing particular delivery system encompasses the process that allocates housing unit to households in particular country and that housing delivery is stimulated and sustained by the demand and supply mechanism this of course,means that in a free market economy like Nigeria, the forces of demand and supply for housing stock, may determine what stocks come into the housing delivery market and who among the demander get what from the market?. According to Baurue (1981), Housing is the provision of all forms of infrastructures for a conducive living environment whereas habitable and standard houses bythe residential or commercial or any other forms of building properly arranged in a statutorily planned area meeting all the forms of planning rules and ordinances in housings.World health Organization (WHO). Defined housing as a residential environment which includes in addition to the physical structures. The main uses for shelter, all necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desire for physical or social wellbeing of the family and individuals. Ayeni(1984) defines housing as not only referring to the shelter provided by the structure but also the lot on which the shelter stands and the services provided to the lots such as waterand energy supply, waste disposal, drainage, fire and police protection and kick lighter (1986)defined the term housing in its entire ramification to refer to more than just a dwelling but also included all that is within and surrounds thedwelling. Salau(1990) transcends the physical dimensions of shelter and include the general environment within which the structure is located and the availability of essentialsocial services and infrastructural facilities, which ultimately ensure the satisfaction of the population. National housing policy (1991), housing forms an important part of peoples life and it is rather inseparable from them as it provides the users of occupiers shelters, security, privacy, prestige and a means of self-expression. It is a basic need as everyone requires a shelter, which for most people means a home that, is a permanent base in which the greater part of time is spent. Ozo (1987), asserted that a house must be a home;that is , a resting place in which to try to fulfill the fundamental purpose of human society,namely a secure , rewarding, happy or atleast a reliable life.to the individual family,a house as both a shelter and symbols of physical protection and psychological identity of economic valueand a foundation for security and self respect.Olotuali (1997) stated that housing provides the framework of meeting mans need for shelterand it is all encompassing phenomenon of the creation of the environment, in which man grows and lives and grows.Bourne (1981)summed housing up as a physical entity, a good artifact, an economic good, a capital stockand a statue symbol all at once.Madge(1968) assorted that housing is an important element in all capital formation and the largest single component in total building of any nation. According to Omole(2001), housing is more than a mere shelter in its proper definition , housing can be defined as a residential environment which man uses for shelter and the environment of the structure needed or design for his physical and mental health as well as the social being. Ozo (1987), a house is certainly the bulkiest, the most difficult to move and most durable consumer good. In view of the enormous resources requiredin acquiring housing (since it can hardly be purchase out of ones income in less developed countries). It is true measure of the social- economic statues of a society. Looking at the definitions above .therefore a good housing or shelter development of a group of people and a nation at large. A well determined settlement equally determined the productivity and consumption ration as well as economic, moral and welfare terms of the people or nation. THE NIGERIAN HOUSING MARKET The Nigerian housing market is highly untapped and undeveloped despite lot of opportunities that abound in the sector (Akeju 2007). This is basically due to many reasons amongst which includes. Lack of finance Government policy Lack of infrastructural development High level of poverty. There is continuous increase in the average price of house due to increase in cost of building materials and inflation in the economy. This has highly contributed to the upward trend in the house trend in the house price which has significantly affected the number of unit of houses constructed annually. The Government efforts at addressing the problem have not been successful due to its unsustainable approach of providing houses to the people, the houses are grossly inadequate and unaffordable by the larger proportion of the masses for which they are meant for. There are efforts by the private individuals to help in alleviating these housing problems. The bulk of the housing problems is prevalent in urban cities, but there are lot of un occupied and dilapidated houses in the rural areas to urban centers for greener pastures. Most individual that are involved in property development build for their own uses or are home owners, while the few ones involves in building for commercial purposes, build shops and space to let for offices because if the high rental income accruing from such commercial properties. The residential developments in most cases are illegal, informal and untitled. This is due to long, undue delay to title registration and laxity in enforcing development control regulations by the official of the urban and regional planning department (Fasakin and Ogunmakin 2006). Private sectors contribution toward alleviating this housing problems has been I the form of individual efforts, cooperative societies or association, corporate bodies, estate agents, nongovernmental organization / charity organization and foreign investors, their contributions toward alleviating housing problems in Nigeria are briefly discussed below. INDIVIDUALS This represent the greatest source of contribution from the private sector in most urban centers where the housing problem is very prevalent , a greater proportion of the population dwells in residential houses built by private individuals. These individual financed the project through their personal savings, borrowing from family, friends and lenders or cooperative movements. It can be categorically stated that number of housing unit built by individual have been very substantial when compared with other source of constructing houses. (2) COOPERATIVE BODIES The idea of cooperatives housing have started long time ago when individual planning to own a house seek help from relative, in town, neighbors and friends (Wahab 1988). This concept has been successfully tested and certified in countries like Italy, United Kingdom, Zambia, Sweden and Philippines (Daramola, 2006). It is suited to meet the need of low income earner who constitutes the vast majority of Nigerians. The member of the cooperative are able to enjoy housing loan for the construction of their own housing unit. (3) CORPORATE BODIES. The federal government of Nigeria has realized that they cannot solve the housing problem alone. Has involved the cooperate bodies to contributes their own goals towards the achieving the objectives of housing for all. It was evident that most of the companies have totally neglect for housing needs of their workers. These consequently made the Government come to the rescue of the workers. These consequently made the Government come to the rescue of the workers through the promulgation of employee housing scheme (special provision). Decree 54 of 1979, thus compelling any employer of 500 employees to provide minimum housing of 50 units of which 75% should available for non-executive staff. (4) ESTATE DEVELOPER / AGENTS The private developer or estate agents activities were concentrated in Lagos in 1990 and they play significant roles in the development of the Nigeria housing market (Efin. A and Finmark trust,2010), they ensure adequate shelter is provided to meet the demand of the increasing number of people having housing need. They often employ various finance techniques such as turnkey, pre-letting and joint finance to construct housing unit for the people (Nubi 2000). (5) NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION AND VOLUNTARY ORGANISATION. In recent year there is increasing trends by non-governmental organization and voluntary organization such as religion bodies to contribute their own effort at addressing the housing problems faced by the people in both rural and urban cities. They assist resetting displaced people having housing problem as a result of natural disaster like war, flood, famine, earthquakes, and etc. (6) FOREIGN PARTNERS / INVESTORS. The government through its various development policies has attempted to encourage foreign investors in the housing market. This is usually in the form of foreign partnership with the local estate developers.These provided more capital base for the estate company, thus making them to be involved in large capital based project. The company are usually handling Government housing project which are capital intensive and required more technical expertise and knowledge. THE ECONOMICS OF HOUSING Housing as a product is regarded as a commodity with an exchange value, according to Angel et.al (1992), housing is viewed as a commodity with an exchange value rather than as goods to be produced and allocated outside the market place. Hence the housing sector is composed as a vast set of exchange relations, driven by supply and demand forces which permit all part of the sector despite the existence of apparently distinctive sub markets. (Agunbiade 1993). The units in the standing stock to be traded in the market have a contribution of attributes and qualities, which determines their selling prices. Such attributes include age and durability of structures, total floor space, structural design and internal layout, location accessibility, ancillary services present, security, aesthetics and the general environmental condition. These attributes distinguish one unit from the other. Thus the structural condition of units and the flow of services they yield determine the value of housing unit in the market. According to Robinson (1979) there are two measure of value in the housing market, these are rent and price. Rent is the payment made for a flow of housing services received over a specific period of time while price is the capital value associated with a particular unit of stockin the ordinary sense, we could argue that the value of housing unit (V) is equalto its price (P) i.e. V = P . However in some cases, the different between the exchange value and the actual value is refers to as subsidy, which is often, paid by Government or corporate bodies to their employees. Thus, subsidy could be regarded as a distortion to the actual market determined price or rent of a housing unit. Housing need, supply and housing price in an economy involved complex processes that are influenced by social and economic force. The understanding of the nature and attributes of the demand and supply of housing is therefore important in any housing study. However, before we address the issue of need, demand, supply and price. It is ideal to consider the characteristics of housing as a product 2.5 ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES ON DEVELOPMENT Ratchiffe (1995) classical rent theory conceptualizes that general improvement in access routes (Roads) have positive effect on the areas land values; Boyce and Allen (1974) in Denver studied the impact of accessibility and amenities on property values. They selected several study areas then applied six (6) criteria encompassing accessibility, amenities and property characteristics and used regression analysis to investigate 24,082 property transactions. They identified a positive impact of infrastructural facilities on property values. Stopper and Meybury (1971) claimed that the relevance of transportations facilities in influencing urban growth and development is reflected in most North. American and Europeans town which shows a growth pattern derived largely from transactional routes. Abouchar (1977) investigated the impact of a subway on property value on Toronto, he studies the metropolitan Toronto subway system through on analysis of the operations of welfare criteria with the basic objective of distinguishing the impact of the subway on property value (demand and price) by looking at year to year relative percentage changes in property values in and out of the subway corridor. However, his analysis concluded that the subway had no effect on the property value in the subway area. The validity of findings and conclusion are questionable as the study did not fulfill the requirement of a before and after approach because the analysis of the property market was concluded in 1992 the date the subway began its operation. Abdulateef (1997) observed a positive impact of road transportation and communication on land use development and property values, the provision of infrastructural facilities in any socio economic unit whether a nation, region or community could have either a positive or negative impact on property value. For instance, the provision of an incinerator in a residential district will have a negative effect on the value of the properties in that area while the provision of infrastructural facilities like good roads network, water and electricity supply, drainage system, good refuse collection treatment and disposal system etc enhances values to unpre cedented level just as the inadequacy or lack or these facilities adversely affect value as a paradox. 2.6 IDENTIFICATION OF PUBLIC UTILITIES MANAGEMENT AGENCIES IN NIGERIA The prominent public agencies for the provision and management of the infrastructural facilities in Nigeria are: Power holding company of Nigeria Plc. In charge of electricity generation, distribution and supply to consumers (PHCN) Nigeria telecommunications limited (NITEL) State water corporation State waste management boards Federal road maintenance agencies (FEMA) Nigerian communications commission (NCC) Federal air